After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, a long-term Democratic voter switches party to become a Republican. Since party identification is usually formed in a voter's youth and persists over time, the voter's switch is best explained by

a)

strong factors that convinced the voter that the Democratic Party was no longer serving his or her interests.

b)

the voter's party attachment did not reflect his or her views or interests.

c)

the voter not having developed a party attachment in youth.

d)

an emotional attachment to the Democratic Party.