Answer :
The idea that was strongly challenged a little later during the Age of Enlightenment was the idea that spiritual awareness was essential in all societies.
What was the Age of Enlightenment known for?
The period was when human rational mind was prioritized over religious belief in Europe, that is, when the art of science prevail over religious views.
Hence, the idea that was strongly challenged was the idea that spiritual awareness was essential in all societies
Therefore, the Option D is correct.
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