QUESTION 4
Patterns of Federalism in U.S. history have included:

a. Supreme Court rulings increasing Federal powers before the Civil War:

b. increased Federal Court civil rights guarantees on behalf of minorities after the Reconstruction era and throughout
the late 19th and early 20th Centuries:

c. limits on Federal government Commerce Clause regulatory powers over the states, since the 1980s:

d. decreased state discretionary powers since the 1980s over federal programs and spending of federal funding,