Stiffness, or elastic modulus, is a measure of how resistant a material is to elastic deformation when a force is applied. It is generally higher for metals than for polymers and ceramics.
Resistance to fracture, or fracture toughness, is a measure of how resistant a material is to fracture or breakage when a force is applied. Generally, ceramics are higher than metals and polymers in terms of resistance to fracture. Polymers are the lowest of the three in terms of both stiffness and resistance to fracture.
In general, metals have the highest stiffness, and ceramics have the highest resistance to fracture, while polymers are lower for both properties. This is because metals are usually composed of strong metallic bonds, which help them resist deformation, while ceramics are usually composed of strong ionic bonds, which help them resist fracture. Polymers, on the other hand, are usually composed of weaker covalent bonds, which make them less resistant to both deformation and fracture.
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